(*top picture of “Earth” aurorae taken by Prof. Hitoshi Fujiwara at Svalbard islands) Fig1. Diffuse aurora on Mars to cover whole nightside disk when the solar energetic particle (SEP) encountering on Mars at the (left) start and (right) peak of the September 2017 [Schneider et al., GRL, 2018]. Have you ever seen the Martian aurora? The U.S. Mars MAVEN spacecraft recently discovered Mars’ unique aurora covering the entire night side of the planet (Schneider et al., GRL, 2018), and the latest Arab Mars EMM spacecraft has discovered many more types of Mars aurora (Lillis et al., GRL, 2022). Auroral images...
