The upper atmosphere of Mars is the region of the thermosphere and ionosphere at an altitude above 80 km. Although the density of the atmosphere is very low compared to the surface, the atmospheric condition can vary significantly due to external forces coming from space, such as solar extreme ultraviolet radiation, solar wind, and high-energy particles from the sun, which can heat the atmosphere and ionize atoms and molecules. On the other hand, recent observations have revealed that fluctuations in the lower atmosphere, such as global dust storms and the dramatic expansion and contraction of the lower atmosphere, can also...